Dating cinnabar
It is the most common source ore for refining elemental mercury and is the historic source for the brilliant article source or scarlet pigment termed vermilion and associated red mercury pigments. Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs. The mineral resembles quartz in symmetry and in its exhibiting birefringence. Cinnabar has a mean refractive index near 3. The color and properties dating cinnabar from a structure that is a hexagonal crystalline lattice belonging to the trigonal crystal systemcrystals that sometimes exhibit twinning.
Mention "cinnabar" and different dating cinnabar very often think of very different meanings. Although many loosely associate the word with Asian arts and antiques, few can offer a go here definition. In its original form, cinnabar is crystallized red mercuric sulphide HgSthe main ore bearing mercury. Cinnabar has been used for thousands of years as a coloring agent because of its intense red-orange color. It is obtained naturally by grinding ore into a fine powder then mixing the powder into dyes, paints datiing other finishes such as lacquer. It can also be manufactured by treating a mixture of liquid mercury and sulfur with potassium hydroxide.
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Cinnabar has a mean refractive index near 3. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a hexagonal crystalline lattice belonging to the trigonal crystal system , crystals that sometimes exhibit twinning.
Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the Near East , including as a rouge -type cosmetic , in the New World since the Olmec culture, and in China since as early as the Yangshao culture , where it was used in coloring stoneware. Associated modern precautions for use and handling of cinnabar arise from the toxicity of the mercury component , which was recognized as early as ancient Rome. Cinnabar is generally found in a massive, granular or earthy form and is bright scarlet to brick-red in color, though it occasionally occurs in crystals with a nonmetallic adamantine luster.
It exhibits birefringence , and it has the second-highest refractive index of any mineral. The hardness of cinnabar is 2. Structurally, cinnabar belongs to the trigonal crystal system. Mercury II sulfide, HgS, adopts the cinnabar structure described, and one additional structure, i. In addition, HgS is found in a black, non-cinnabar polymorph metacinnabar that has the zincblende structure. Cinnabar is deposited by epithermal ascending aqueous solutions those near surface and not too hot far removed from their igneous source.
This mine was exploited from Roman times until , being for centuries the most important cinnabar deposit in the world. Good cinnabar crystals have also been found there. Red Devil was named after the Red Devil cinnabar mine, a primary source of mercury. It has been found in Dominica near its sulfur springs at the southern end of the island along the west coast. As the most common source of mercury in nature, [22] cinnabar has been mined for thousands of years, even as far back as the Neolithic Age.
To produce liquid mercury quicksilver , crushed cinnabar ore is roasted in rotary furnaces. Pure mercury separates from sulfur in this process and easily evaporates. A condensing column is used to collect the liquid metal, which is most often shipped in iron flasks. Associated modern precautions for use and handling of cinnabar arise from the toxicity of the mercury component, which was recognized as early as in ancient Rome.
Overexposure to mercury, mercurialism , was seen as an occupational disease to the ancient Romans. Though people in ancient South America often used cinnabar for art, or processed it into refined mercury as a means to gild silver and gold to objects , the toxic properties of mercury were well known.
It was dangerous to those who mined and processed cinnabar; it caused shaking, loss of sense, and death. Data suggests that mercury was retorted from cinnabar and the workers were exposed to the toxic mercury fumes. Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the Near East , including as a rouge -type cosmetic, [27] in the New World since the Olmec culture, and in China for writing on oracle bones as early as the Zhou dynasty.
Late in the Song dynasty it was used in coloring lacquerware. Cinnabar's use as a color in the New World, since the Olmec culture, [30] is exemplified by its use in royal burial chambers during the peak of Maya civilization , most dramatically in the 7th-century tomb of the Red Queen in Palenque , where the remains of a noble woman and objects belonging to her in her sarcophagus were completely covered with bright red powder made from cinnabar.
The most popularly known use of cinnabar is in Chinese carved lacquerware , a technique that apparently originated in the Song dynasty. In the modern jewellery industry, the toxic pigment is replaced by a resin-based polymer that approximates the appearance of pigmented lacquer. Two female mummies dated AD to found in Cerro Esmeralda in Chile in had clothes colored with cinnabar. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Red mercury sulfide mineral. For other uses, see Cinnabar disambiguation.
See also: Mercury poisoning. Eventually coloring agents—like cinnabar—were added and lacquer begin to be used for decorative effects including carving. Here are the basic steps in producing carved lacquer.
First, a rough form of the final shape is prepared to receive the lacquer. Lacquer can be applied to wood, metal, porcelain, paper, fabric or a wire frame. The material forming the basic shape is smoothed, polished and often treated with special materials to help the lacquer stick.
Next, thin layers of lacquer are applied over the basic form. Each layer must harden before applying the next. Eventually the layers are thick enough to carve.
Depth of carving averages about one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch. Some carved lacquer has layers of more than one color Fig. Carved lacquer from classical periods in Japan and China, AD, can have as many as separate layers. Workshop records from those early periods speak of large pieces that took years to prepare and up to several years to carve. New pieces of genuine carved cinnabar lacquer in this article Figs. Reddish-orange carved lacquer, or cinnabar, has been widely exported to the West for over three hundred years.
Cinnabar continues to be made today in China. It is a popular souvenir for tourists visiting Asia as well as being imported by gift wholesalers worldwide. Inexpensive cinnabar lookalikes in plastic have also been widely offered in catalogs by the decorating trade and reproduction wholesalers. The problem for collectors is that all these pieces—antique examples, currently produced genuine lacquer, and many imitations made over many years—are all in today's market.
Buyers need to know the proper way to determine whether a piece they examine is genuine carved lacquer or a molded copy. Genuine carved lacquer virtually always shows some sign of the multiple layers from which it was created.
The best place to look is at gradually tapering cuts. If you look at these cuts with a 10X loupe you will generally see a grain-like pattern of concentric rings Fig. Rings or grain are not generally visible on right angle cuts and may not appear at all on very finely carved pieces made before ca. Regardless of age, though, virtually all carved pieces show at least some evidence of tool marks produced by carving. The most obvious clues to molding or casting are tell-tale production marks associated with plastic and other synthetic materials.
Typical signs would include mold seams, pits from broken air bubbles Fig. Bases of many molded pieces often have what appear to be saw marks Fig. Molded pieces also tend to lack the detail found in carved pieces but this may not be obvious unless you have experience. Anyone can register a free account which allows them to create their own profile including a photo or video, they also get access to other areas of the site including member search, diaries and limited messaging.
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